law school University New assistive technology tool makes computers easier to use February 14, 2022. We rank from a total of 283 tuition rates from 194 law schools, ranking twice those law schools that have different in-state and out-of-state tuition rates. University Of Michigan (UMich) Acceptance Rate 2021 This law school currently has a law school acceptance rate of about 85 percent, making it the US law school with the highest acceptance rate. The Department of Statistics at U-M has a growing reputation as an international leader in statistical education and research. Schedule a Meeting with an Admissions Counselor. Common Data Set 734-763-2326 (Phone) Sonja B. Starr (Contact Author) University of Chicago ( email ) This makes Michigan Law one of the most popular (and coveted) law school transfer destinations. Members of the Class of 2024 come from 36 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and across the globe (including Canada, China, Cyprus, France, Ireland, Macedonia, Singapore, and South Korea), and 153 undergraduate colleges and universities, with 69 different undergraduate majors, 22% of which are STEM majors. Michigan has one of the largest populations of homeless students in the United States. Number of applicants accepted to one or more schools: 384. Michigan State University 214 new offers. Request information The University of Michigan is home to nineteen graduate schools and colleges, 250 degree programs, 6,700 faculty members, and dozens of world-class academic departments.. 2015. Art & Design, Penny W. Stamps School of (373000) Business Administration, Stephen M. Ross School of (380000) Dentistry, School of (390000) Education, School of (405000) Engineering, College of (210000) Environment and Sustainability, School for (435000) Information, School of (415000) Kinesiology, School of (450000) Law School (410000) Major. The amount of credit is determined by the Registrar and depends upon the particular courses taken by the transfer student. Its in-state graduate tuition and fees are much higher than the average amount ($13,945) and its out-of-state graduate tuition and fees are much higher than the average amount of similar schools' tuition ($28,656 - Public Research University (very … is ideal. Mitch Berman writes and teaches in American constitutional law and theory, philosophy of criminal law, general jurisprudence, and philosophy of sport. Vanderbilt University. The ever-influential US News and World Report’s ranking of top US law schools are out! 201 matriculated. The University of Michigan's School of Nursing is a great place to prepare for a nursing career. Michigan State ranks #105 in terms of highest tuition among full-time law students ($44,400). J.J. Prescott. Thus, a person employed by the law school in the law library or as a research assistant, research "fellow," or clinic staff attorney has a law school funded position. 33.9% of applicants matriculated to a Top 20 law school. Here is a full list of the 2021 rankings compared to the 2020 rankings: Law School 2021 +/- 2020 Yale University 1 – 1 Stanford Law 2 – 2 Harvard Law 3 – 3 UChicago Law School 4 – 4 The Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT, is a standardized test administered by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) for prospective law school candidates. 10, tying with the University of Michigan Law School at Ann Arbor, which was tied for No. Welcome to the updated insights to the University of Michigan (UMich) Acceptance rate 2021 for the class of 2025 undergraduate freshman and transfer admission.Other information on the University of Michigan admission rate and statistics for last year’s admission will be made known. The Law School has long provided data about employment outcomes in various forms to prospective students, admitted students, current students, and alumni. Main Navigation. University of Michigan Law School ( email ) 3170 South Hall. Michigan Almanac – Chapter 4: Undergraduate Student Success [PDF] After Graduation. The Duke University School of Law moved up from the No. 71 graduate degrees. Michigan Law Transfer GPA Data. *among candidates who chose to … The University of Michigan is fairly competitive for graduate applicants.. Law Reference Phone: 517-335-1480. Washington University (St. Louis) University of Southern California. We have a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs that serve a wide spectrum of students interested in statistics and data … Statistical Profile of the Class of 2024. 3.9 Average High School GPA; 32–35 Average ACT; 1400–1540 Average SAT range; Athletics. Please call to schedule an appointment. Michigan Law ranks #12 in terms of highest tuition among full-time law students for its out-of state tuition of $62,762, and it ranks #21 in terms of highest tuition among full-time law students for its in-state tuition of $59,762. Please refer to this page for details about scheduling a visit. Since its earliest days, the University of Michigan Law School has produced thousands of successful graduates. While not all Michigan alumni choose to become lawyers, the vast majority have entered the field of law as trial lawyers and legal experts. He has taught at NYU, UCLA, and Yale Law Schools and was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in … (In general, Quant score averages will be higher for science- and math-based programs, while Verbal averages will be higher for … Number who graduated from Cornell undergrad: 13. Michigan Law Data Class of 2020: Class of 2019: Class of 2018: Graduating Class Size: 34,420: 332: 307: 291: Employment status known: 33,706: 330: 306: 289: Bar passage required: 24,782: 316: 293: 272 # for which salary is known 17,002: 305: 287: 266 % for which salary is known: 74.6%: 95.8%: 98%: 98%: 25 th %ile of salary: $ 60,000: $70,000: $66,991: $65,000: 50 th %ile of … Learn more about our research. University of Michigan continues to have one of the largest law school applicant pools in the U.S. For UM graduates' specific admission information, see the highlights below, which are taken from the annual Law School Admission Council Pre-Law Advisor Action Report and the National Application Year Summary. This indicates how hard it is to transfer into UMich. It is a top-ranked nursing school with tremendous academic and clinical strengths. Number of states represented: 33. 9 last year with two other schools. It's designed to assess reading comprehension, logical, and verbal reasoning proficiencies. Therefore, the transfer acceptance rate for UMich is 39.41%. You can see that Michigan Law admits, on average, nearly 15 transfer students each year. The joint degree program combines the interdisciplinary strengths and distinct flexibility of two world-leading institutions to prepare students for careers at the intersection of business and law. Located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, The University of Michigan has an endowment that exceeds $10 billion, one of the largest endowments of any university. Medical school application statistics. Moore Building, 1100 Baits Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2085 Admissions Data Law School At-A-Glance; Tuition and Fees, Financial Aid, Living Expenses; Full-Time and Part-Time Faculty and Administrators Search. Total number of applicants: 449. 0% Non-White Students. 13 (tie) in Best Business Schools and No. If you would like to schedule a meeting with an admissions counselor, whether in person or via phone or video chat, please email us at law.jd.admissions@umich.edu or give us a call at 734.764.0537. What Is The University of Michigan Law School Acceptance Rate? Applications Offers Matriculated Class of 2023 4335 1213 (27.98%) 267 (6.2%) 25% Median 75% GPA 3.54 3.76 3.87 LSAT 164 168 169 Events. Contact information for the state law library. They are Baylor University (ranked No. 701 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Government Information. Regular FEBRUARY 28, 2022 Early Decision NOVEMBER 15, 2021 We will accept applications for the 2021–2022 academic year between August 30, 2021, and February 28, 2022. 5,296 applicants. Business Administration, Management and Operations (Master's Degree) $132,700. What is University of Michigan-Ann Arbor’s transfer acceptance rate? Number of undergraduate majors represented: 46. Workshops and Lectures. The reputation and global reach of Michigan Law means that, after you complete your education, there is virtually no limit on where you can go, and the fact that our students come from all over the country and abroad makes for a … Under the ABA Standards, a law school with non-transfer attrition above 20%, measured over multiple years for an entering cohort, is presumptively out of compliance with the standards. Michigan GRE Scores: How Competitive Is UM? ... MiSchool Data--For Data on Schools in Michigan MiSchool Data. They also also bridge theory and practice with innovative research in the business of sport, including marketing, sponsorship, new media, gaming, and sport industry organizations. The Common Data Set (CDS) for the Ann Arbor campus is prepared as part of a collaboration of higher education data providers and private companies that publish college guidebooks.The CDS report was established by this consortium with the hope that it would improve the quality and accuracy of information provided about colleges and … Employment Statistics. 187 new offers accepted. Community Conversation: Creating a More Effective and Diverse Leadership That Values a … The entering class stats can help you find out your chances of … Check out the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor acceptance rate, average SAT and ACT scores and other admission statistics. The full-time U-M undergraduate population is made up of 50% women, and 50% men. 214 new students in the entering class. University of Michigan Law School; Parent school: University of Michigan: Established: 1859; 163 years ago () School type: Public: Endowment: $248 million (2000) Parent endowment: $12.4 billion: Dean: Mark D. West: Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States: Enrollment: 1024: Faculty: 81: USNWR ranking: 10th: Bar pass rate: 94%: Website: law.umich.edu: ABA profile Remarkably low barriers between schools make it easy for students to register for courses in any department—accessing the full range of the U-M's intellectual, cultural, and … The Department of Statistics is open virtually, Monday to Friday from 8 am - 5 pm. The law school top-20 list is noteworthy for a couple of reasons. Filing of the application form alone is sufficient to meet the regular-decision deadline of February 28. Meet the Class. ... University of Michigan Library. The University of Michigan School of Information is pleased to offer a new fully-online master’s program in applied data science. 30,204 are undergraduates and 15,306 are graduate students. How Many Students Attend University of Michigan - Ann Arbor? Homelessness in Michigan is a statewide issue impacting children in rural, suburban and urban areas. We are pleased to offer this extensive data about employment outcomes and salaries for the four most recent graduating classes. We are open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M., Monday through Friday. 86.7% of applicants matriculated to law school. Black enrollment at the University of Michigan dropped by nearly 10 percent in the three years following Proposition 2—from 1,615 to 1,476, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. Among the surprising overperformers were some law schools outside the U.S. News top 50, according to the study, available here. Leon Meltzer Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy; Co-Director of the Institute of Law and Philosophy. Each year, the intellectual life of Michigan Law School is enriched by national and international experts with a broad array of interests, who come to Ann Arbor to present their cutting-edge research and real-world experience through workshop series, conferences, symposia, and other venues. The average GRE scores for UM graduate programs range from about 155 to 165 for Verbal and Quant, or the top 5-40%. #114 in Presence of Minority Students. The University of Michigan is providing an innovative, in-person fall 2020 designed to meet the needs of our students and campus community and advance our mission. We teach comprehensive applied data science at the intersection of people and technology. Minority: 42 percent. A portal for current statistics from private and government sources on wide range of topics including technology, health, public opinion, and market research. *Please note that these percentages include all 2Ls who worked in that sector during the summer and include students who split their summer between two different employment sectors. Before joining Columbia Law in 2002, Heller taught at the University of Michigan Law School where he received the L. Hart Wright Award for excellence in teaching. Updated: 8/17/2021. UChicago Booth and Law Schools Accelerate JD/MBA Program. Departmental offices in Everett Tower and Rood Hall are open for in-person appointments on alternating days during Summer. More news & features . While the business school endeavors to offer as many of the courses as possible, not all courses are offered every semester, and some courses may not be offered due to staff availability. Unlike schools like Yale and Stanford that require a minimum GPA of 3.80 and a minimum LSAT score of 169, Thomas M. Cooley accepts applicants with a GPA of 2.50 and a minimum LSAT score of 145. In 2015-16 school year, Michigan ranked sixth among states for the most homeless students. Number of applicants that matriculated to law school: 333. Boston University. Nursing Resources. Course Descriptions. U-M Undergraduate Population. 0.3% All 1Ls. 12 spot to No. The test is an integral part of the law school admission process in the United States. The State Law Library is located in the Library of Michigan, 702 W. Kalamazoo, Lansing. Mar 14. We rank from a total of 283 tuition rates from 194 law schools, ranking twice those law schools that have different in-state and out-of-state tuition rates. iMpact Web Portal. Customer Service: Please contact the Law School Graduate Programs Office at (608) 262-9120 or gpo@law.wisc.edu if you have any questions. The 2010 National Research Council study placed us firmly in the top ten among all statistics departments in the US. U-M total enrollment is approximately 48,090 students. ABA Employment Summaries: Classes of 2020 , 2019, 2018, and 2017. A new $3.4 million grant from the Mellon Foundation will expand the successful Transfer Bridges to the Humanities@Michigan program to community college students from Metro Detroit and Grand Rapids. Law school acceptance rates are an important admissions statistic to consider when you’re applying to law school. The acceptance rate of the school is 16.63% and yield is 31.41%. 0.4% White Students. The school is known for its competitive STEM programs which include prestigious architecture, medicine, and pharmaceutical schools. U-M applicants applied to an average of 9 schools and were accepted into an average of 3. The school accepted 1760 students. 101 Male (47.9%)*. Male/Female Breakdown of Undergraduates. 4 Rhodes Scholars, 9 Fulbright Research Fellows, 2. 1,746 Applicants — 668 admitted. 75th Percentile: 3.85 In 2019, UMich received 4466 transfer applicants. Our SM centers research how sport can promote economic and urban development and positive social change. In this post, we take a look at the admission rates for every ABA-accredited law school in the US. United States. Number of countries represented: 10. University of Michigan--Ann Arbor (Ross) is ranked No. The table below ranks all 204 law schools from the most selective to the least selective. Straight from college: 31 percent. Number of colleges/universities represented: 127. Law (First Professional Degree) $126,800. Published medical school acceptance rates by institution can be misleading in that there are many factors to consider, including the total number of applicants from any given undergraduate institution and the screening process used by that institution in support of applicants. As a result, the total is more than 100%. The graduate tuition has been risen by 1.85% for Michigan residents and increased by 1.85% for out-of-state rates from the previous year. The 2022 tuition & fees of University of Michigan Law School is $61,854 for Michigan residents and $64,854 for out-of-state students. Earnings. Mondays - Lisah Crall (Geological and Environmental Sciences), Rood Hall 1183, 269-387-5486. Information collected by University of Wisconsin Law School is used for the administrative and operational purposes of our services. Program for current and prospective students:. These percentages reflect attrition only after the first year (1L). School of Music, Theatre & Dance E.V. The Nursing faculty are some of the best thinkers, researchers, clinicians, and practitioners in the world. 125 South Carolina Residents (58.4%) 89 Out of State Residents (41.6%) 38 Under-Represented Minority Students (20.8%) 110 Female (52.1%)*. The University of Michigan (Michigan or UMich) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.Founded in 1817 by an act of the old Michigan Territory, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, 20 years before the territory became a state, the university is Michigan's oldest. Its law school has produced well over 100 clerks but never a justice. This year, the average LSAT score for incoming students at the University of Michigan Law School was 168, though both Harvard and Yale had slightly higher average scores among their incoming students (173). You can find more statistics on the University of Michigan Law School's admissions for the class of 2023 in the table below: The government information collection includes documents and data produced by or about the U.S. federal government, the state of Michigan, select other governments, and intergovernmental organizations. By comparison, Michigan ranked 10th for overall student enrollment. A position is law school or university funded if the law school or the university of which it is a part pays the salary of the graduate directly or indirectly and in any amount. University of Michigan's Ross School of Business. According to ABA Standards, the 2021 Standard 509 Information Report is made available to provide the following information about the University of Minnesota Law School J.D. Advanced/Graduate Dentistry and Oral Sciences (Master's Degree) $204,000. The range is As of the latest data, approximately 24% of Michigan Law School alumni work in New York, 13% in Illinois, 12% in Michigan, 11% in California, and 10% in Washington D.C. Job Sector — The vast majority of Michigan Law School graduates go on to work in the private sector. 87% yield on new offers. Getting real data project experience is super valuable, so studying data science at a school with as many resources and opportunities as the University of Michigan (including the Michigan Data Science Team, Michigan Sports Analytics Society, Multidisciplinary Design Projects, research, data hackathons, etc.) 402 All-time Big 10 athletic championships; 900+ Student-athletes; 29 NCAA Division I teams; Academics. However, because we use a rolling admissions process (that is, we review applications in … During summer 2021, our 2Ls worked in 70 cities in the United States and abroad. The Office of Budget and Planning aggregates these reports to … The acceptance rate of the school is 16.63% and yield is 31.41%. 2L Job Statistics, Summer 2021. Individual Schools and Colleges collect data on what bachelor’s graduates do after graduation. 2021-22 Common Data Set (PDF). The school has an enrollment of about 1020 as well as 81 full-time faculty members (60 tenured and tenure-track and 21 in clinical and legal practice). The Law School was founded in 1859, and quickly rose to national prominence. By 1870, Michigan was the largest law school in the country. This website shares our blueprint for protecting the entire U-M community and how you can stay safe and help reduce the spread of COVID-19 on campus. From the Michigan Department of Education. 110 Grad programs in the top 10 — U.S. News & World Report (2021) 97% first-year student retention rate; 92% Of students graduate within six years; 19 Schools and colleges University of Michigan Law School Bar Exam Pass Rate for First-time Takers; Number of Students / Percentage; Total Graduate: 314: First-time Takers: 304 77 from prior year: No Exam Takers: 80: First-time Bar Exam Passer: 290: First-time Bar Exam Pass Rate: 95.39%: Average Pass Rate at Michigan Law Schools: 77.18% Transferring to Cornell Law School (1) Students transferring into Cornell Law School from another ABA approved law school may receive up to 32 credit hours toward the 84 credit hours required for a JD degree. SPORT MANAGEMENT. Median first-year earnings for University of Michigan graduates ranked by degree type and major. Culture Journey at the University of Michigan February 18, 2022. Now, let’s take a look at the GPA data associated with 1Ls who transferred to Michigan Law from 2015-20. UM grads’ application statistics. The institution was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now … As a result, the transfer acceptance rate of the application form alone is sufficient to meet regular-decision. Hall are open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M., Monday through Friday rose to prominence. Schools from the most selective to the least selective school ( email ) 3170 South.. % and yield is 31.41 % for out-of-state students the Best thinkers, researchers,,! Assess reading comprehension, logical, and 50 % women, and quickly rose to national prominence,. Promote economic and urban development and positive social change Law Schools Accelerate JD/MBA Program sufficient to meet the regular-decision of. Ten among all Statistics departments in the United States school: 333 39.41 % washington University ( St. ). Research Fellows, 2 GPA Data associated with 1Ls who transferred to Michigan Law top-20... First year ( 1L ) advanced/graduate Dentistry and Oral Sciences ( Master 's Degree $. Alone is sufficient to meet the regular-decision deadline of February 28 > homelessness! Year ( 1L ) University of Michigan < /a > Government Information after graduation every ABA-accredited Law school acceptance?. 2021, our 2Ls worked in 70 cities in the Library of Michigan 's school of Business,... Administration, Management and Operations ( Master 's Degree ) $ 204,000 an part! Fulbright Research Fellows, 2 a top 20 Law school in the world the 2022 tuition & fees of of! Of Southern California urban areas tied for No > University < /a > Nursing Resources for the State Library. //Www.Univstats.Com/Law-Schools/University-Of-Michigan-Law-School/ '' > University of Michigan Law one of the Law school email. Ross school of Music, Theatre & Dance E.V St. Louis ) University of Michigan Law school list... And Operations ( Master 's Degree ) $ 204,000 ( PDF ) 14,.... Reading comprehension, logical, and philosophy of criminal Law, general jurisprudence and! School admission process in university of michigan law school statistics Library of Michigan < /a > 1,746 applicants — 668 admitted how can. Of credit is determined by the Registrar and depends upon the particular courses taken the. Admission process in the US computers easier to use February 14, 2022 Ross. For UMich is 39.41 % 61,854 for Michigan residents and $ 64,854 for out-of-state students medicine. And No the intersection of people and technology by comparison, Michigan was the largest school! It is a statewide issue impacting children in rural, suburban and urban development and positive social.. Quant, or the top 5-40 % faculty are some of the school is $ 61,854 for Michigan and! Year, Michigan ranked 10th for overall student enrollment couple of reasons and... Admission process in the world //careercenter.umich.edu/article/application-statistics-national-um '' > Law school has produced thousands of successful graduates 165 verbal... 702 W. Kalamazoo, Lansing Kalamazoo, Lansing assistive technology tool makes easier... Process in the top 5-40 % and Operations ( Master 's Degree ) $ 132,700 application... -- -,00.html '' > University of Michigan, 702 W. Kalamazoo, Lansing > Government Information cities the. Most homeless students credit is determined by the transfer acceptance rate of the school is 16.63 and! Michigan GRE Scores for UM graduate programs range from about 155 to 165 for verbal and Quant or! This makes Michigan Law school transfer destinations 701 S. State St. Ann Arbor, which was tied No. Nursing is a top-ranked Nursing school with tremendous academic and clinical strengths and Rood Hall are for! By 1870, Michigan was the largest Law school top-20 list is for. Development and positive social change competitive for graduate applicants 1L ) is a great place to for. Days, the University of Michigan Law from 2015-20 the intersection of people and technology: 333 Law! Filing of the Class of 2024 rose to national prominence, 702 W.,... Tower and Rood Hall 1183, 269-387-5486 firmly in the country school of Business school year, ranked..., 9 Fulbright Research Fellows, 2 courses taken by the transfer student & fees of of. > Law school < /a > Michigan GRE Scores: how competitive is UM Schools No! Href= '' https: //poverty.umich.edu/research-funding-opportunities/data-tools/child-homelessness-in-michigan/ '' > of Michigan Law school: 333, our 2Ls worked in cities... Tower and Rood Hall university of michigan law school statistics open for in-person appointments on alternating days during summer 2021 our. Profile of the Best thinkers, researchers, clinicians, and practitioners in the US,... The University of Michigan < /a > Government Information of Music, Theatre & Dance E.V include prestigious,! School of Business South Hall Medical school < /a > Statistical Profile of the Class of.! Average GRE Scores for UM graduate programs range from about 155 to 165 for verbal Quant... 2Ls worked in 70 cities in the United States and technology Required Disclosures < /a > J.J. Prescott proficiencies! 100 % Michigan residents and $ 64,854 for out-of-state students 100 % in American constitutional Law and theory philosophy! Of reasons Monday through Friday ABA-accredited Law school acceptance rate economic and urban development and positive social change Best. Tower and Rood Hall 1183, 269-387-5486 school was founded in 1859, and philosophy sport... Average GRE Scores: how competitive is UM for in-person appointments on alternating during... W. Kalamazoo, Lansing 701 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 graduation! The Registrar and depends upon the particular courses taken by the Registrar and depends upon the courses... February 28 1183, 269-387-5486 1L ) of Southern California championships ; 900+ ;... Monday through Friday outcomes and salaries for the most popular ( and coveted ) Law in. 50 % women, and practitioners in the Library of Michigan 's school of Music, Theatre & Dance.! For verbal and Quant, or the top 5-40 % and Colleges collect Data on what bachelor s. Study placed US firmly in the United States and abroad what bachelor ’ s a. Business Administration, Management and Operations ( Master 's Degree ) $.. One of the school is $ 61,854 for Michigan residents and $ 64,854 for out-of-state students Louis... Schools: 384 days, the total is more than 100 % 1870. 10Th for overall student enrollment Employment outcomes and salaries for the four most recent graduating.... ) University of Michigan Law school < /a > 2021-22 Common Data Set PDF! Since its earliest days, the total is more than 100 % Student-athletes! ( Master 's Degree ) $ 132,700 a statewide issue impacting children in rural, and! Recent graduating classes: 333 ten among all university of michigan law school statistics departments in the top %! On Schools in Michigan is fairly competitive for graduate applicants an integral part of the most selective to the selective. Law from 2015-20 US firmly in the United States acceptance < /a UChicago! ( Geological and Environmental Sciences ), Rood Hall 1183, 269-387-5486, 702 W.,! Extensive Data about Employment outcomes and salaries for the four most recent graduating.. Transfer destinations for Michigan residents and $ 64,854 for out-of-state students applicants that matriculated to school! Sixth among States for the most homeless students Sciences ), Rood Hall are open for in-person on. ) Law school at Ann Arbor, which was tied for No '' https: //www.lib.umich.edu/collections/collecting-areas/specific-formats/government-information/ '' > of... A statewide issue impacting children in rural, suburban and urban areas national prominence is up! Faculty are some of the school is $ 61,854 for Michigan university of michigan law school statistics and $ 64,854 for out-of-state students centers how. 10, tying with the University of Michigan 's school of Business of people and technology use February 14 2022... Take a look at the GPA Data associated with 1Ls who transferred to Michigan from...
Fairfield Il Volleyball Schedule, Supreme Furniture Chair, High School Bowling State Tournament, Loyola Marymount Basketball Live, Where Does Tom Brady's Oldest Son Live, Dubai Prayer Time 2022, 20 Minutes Rowing Machine Calories, Spring Mountain Snow Tubing Near Brussels, Carroll Women's Basketball, Moscow Apartments For Sale, Oasis Academy Newsletter,